Landlocked between Russia and China, analysts say Mongolia is finding ways to balance its outreach to Western democratic nations without alarming it neighbors to the north or south.
Although Mongolia regards China and Russia as its top foreign and economic priorities, with most of its trade transiting the two, it has also committed to deepening and developing relations with the United States, Japan, the European Union and other democracies, calling these countries its "third neighbors."
Sean King, senior vice president of Park Strategies, a New York-based political consultancy, tells VOA, "They're smart to involve us as much as possible as a counterweight to Moscow and Beijing."
United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken concluded his latest trip to Asia earlier this month in Mongolia, where he emphasized the country is the United States’ "core partner" in the Indo-Pacific and that such partners are "reaching new levels every day."
Blinken’s visit came after the two sides held their first comprehensive strategic dialogue in Washington.
Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida was scheduled to visit Mongolia this week, but the trip was canceled as Japan braces for a rare major earthquake predicted for the coming week. Instead, the two sides spoke by phone on August 13.
Leaders of democracies who visited Mongolia the past few months include German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier, British Foreign Secretary David Cameron, U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Kurt Campbell and Philippine Foreign Secretary Enrique Manalo. French President Emmanuel Macron visited Mongolia for the first time last year.
The State Department said that including Mongolia as one of two countries in Campbell's diplomatic debut "underscores the United States' strong commitment to freedom and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific and beyond."
Charles Krusekopf, founder and associate director of the American Center of Mongolian Studies, told VOA, "Being able to have some regional presence by having a close relationship with Mongolia, having a friend in the region, I think, is important to the United States."
The June 2019 edition of the U.S. Defense Department’s “Indo-Pacific Strategy Report” includes Mongolia, along with New Zealand, Taiwan and Singapore, in the camp of Indo-Pacific democracies, positioning them as "reliable, competent and natural partners."
Despite its geographical location, which limits its diplomatic space to maneuver, Mongolia has managed to maintain close relations with all parties, from the U.S., China, and Russia to North and South Korea, making it an exception in complex geopolitics.
At last month's Ulaanbaatar Dialogue, government officials and strategic experts from eight countries, including Britain, China, Japan, Russia, South Korea and the United States, gathered in Ulaanbaatar to discuss the most pressing strategic issues in Asia today, including tensions on the Korean Peninsula.
"It's one of the rare places in which people from all countries of the region can come together to meet, and it's considered kind of a neutral ground," Krusekopf tells VOA.
Mongolia abstained from U.N. resolutions in 2022 and 2023 that condemned Moscow’s annexation of Ukrainian territory and demanded that Russian troops leave the country.
Mongolian President Ukhnaagiin Khurelsukh and Prime Minister Oyun-Erdene Luvsannamsrai also met with Chinese leaders Xi Jinping and Premier Li Qiang, respectively, last year.
Oyun-Erdene visited China just a month before his state visit to the U.S., where the two countries issued the U.S.-Mongolia Joint Statement on the Strategic Third Neighbor Partnership.
Shortly before Blinken's visit this month, Mongolia held its annual military exercise called Khan Exploration, which, although it was a peacekeeping exercise, was attended not only by troops from the U.S. and Japan but also China.
Krusekopf says with most of Mongolia’s foreign trade being mining exports through China, Beijing doesn’t feel a threat from Western security interests there.
"Mongolia is friends with everyone in the region. It's never been a threat to other countries, and they're seen as a middle country. And it's a broker in that region," he said.
Adrianna Zhang contributed to this report.
Editor's note: An earlier version of this story erroneously referred to the Ulaanbaatar Dialogue as the Mongolia Forum. VOA regrets the error.
