Britain's House of Lords shares some characteristics with the Chinese National People's Congress: their signature colors are red, and neither is elected by popular vote.
They are also the world's two largest legislatures.
After the rapid-fire departures this year of Boris Johnson and Liz Truss from 10 Downing Street, the House of Lords is set to grow even bigger, despite demands for a reduction.
With around 800 members, the upper chamber of the U.K. parliament lags behind the nearly 3,000 delegates that make up China's unicameral Congress.
But the House of Lords is comfortably larger than any other chamber in a democracy. India, with a population of 1.4 billion, caps the membership of its upper house at 250.
The House of Lords has long been subject to demands for reform to make it more representative and less "a chamber festering with grotesques and has beens," in the words of a parliamentary writer in The Times newspaper.
However, by convention, departing prime ministers are entitled to nominate a "resignation honor's list" -– typically allies, aides and associates who are elevated to peerages.
Johnson's 20-strong resignation list is being reviewed by a vetting committee, and some of his picks are likely to prove controversial.
Truss has the same entitlement to reward her followers, despite serving only 49 days.
Her successor, Rishi Sunak, will respect the convention and not meddle in their selections, his official spokesperson told reporters Tuesday.
Baron of Siberia
Before resigning, Johnson had already elevated about 90 peers during his three years in office, including his brother Jo, flouting an official recommendation to scale back the chamber.
In 2020, Johnson installed his Moscow-born friend Evgeny Lebedev as "Baron Lebedev of Hampton in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames and of Siberia in the Russian Federation," despite the reported objections of U.K. intelligence chiefs to the newspaper tycoon.
Once dominated by hereditary peers, the chamber today is composed of lifetime political appointees along with people nominated after serving in prominent public or private-sector roles, and Church of England clerics.
Many have been donors to the ruling Conservatives, including Peter Cruddas, who was made a peer by Johnson against the advice of the Lords’ vetting body following a "cash for access" political scandal.
A reform commission including senior Tory Lords recommended in 2017 that the chamber be reduced to 600 members, only allowing one entrant for every two departures.
The report has languished since, with successive governments proving reluctant to dispense with their powers of patronage, especially when the House of Lords is busy frustrating their legislative agenda.
But all sides pay lip service to the idea of change. Only 29% of the Lords are women. And its membership is hardly national, with just under half coming from London and southeast England.
The opposition Labour Party has vowed to resurrect a reform drive begun by Tony Blair's government in the late 1990s.
One idea would see the House of Lords replaced by an indirectly elected assembly of regions and U.K. nations, with the power to refer the government to the Supreme Court in the case of constitutional breaches.
'Democratically unacceptable'
"The system is the problem — it's not just the recent turmoil of changing prime ministers," said Jess Garland, director of policy at the Electoral Reform Society.
"The blueprint for reform is there. There's a real democratic need for the lords to be appointed by the people who are ultimately affected by their laws," she told Agence France-Presse.
"We might see a list of lords from Liz Truss at some point. But to have no say in who sits there is democratically unacceptable."
As it stands, the upper chamber cannot override legislation sent from the popularly elected House of Commons. But it can amend and delay bills.
The House of Lords enjoys far more influence than the ornamental National People's Congress, which is set in March to rubber-stamp the Communist Party's decision last month to grant a historic third term to President Xi Jinping.
Since Xi took control of China in 2012, Britain is on its fifth prime minister.
The latest, Sunak, believes the upper house plays a "vitally important role" in U.K. democracy, according to his spokeseperson.
But he said constitutional reform was not an "immediate priority," as the new prime minister tackles an economic crisis inherited from Truss — some of whose authors could now be rewarded with titles.
